Ubuntu에 NFS4 쓰기

출처:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/NFSv4Howto

I have started moving this information to https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SettingUpNFSHowTo

차례

Installation

The required packages are different depending on if the system is a client or a server. In this Howto, the server is the host that has the files you want to share and the client is the host that will be mounting the NFS share.

NFSv4 client
```
# apt-get install nfs-common 
```
NFSv4 server
```
# apt-get install nfs-kernel-server 
```

After you finish installing nfs-kernel-server, you might see failure to start nfs-kernel-server due to missing entries in /etc/exports. Remember to restart the service when you finish configuring.

For the error message:

mount.nfs4: No such device

You will have to load the nfs module with the command

# modprobe nfs

NFSv4 without Kerberos

NFSv4 Server

NFSv4 exports exist in a single pseudo filesystem, where the real directories are mounted with the --bind option. Here is some additional information regarding this fact.

Let's say we want to export our users' home directories in /home/users. First we create the export filesystem:
```
# mkdir /export
# mkdir /export/users 
```
and mount the real users directory with:
```
# mount --bind /home/users /export/users
```
To save us from retyping this after every reboot we add the following
line to /etc/fstab
```
/home/users    /export/users   none    bind  0  0
```
In /etc/default/nfs-kernel-server we set:
```
NEED_SVCGSSD=no # no is default
```
because we are not activating NFSv4 security this time.

In /etc/default/nfs-common we set:

NEED_IDMAPD=yes
NEED_GSSD=no # no is default

To export our directories to a local network 192.168.1.0/24

we add the following two lines to /etc/exports

/export       192.168.1.0/24(rw,fsid=0,no_subtree_check,sync)
/export/users 192.168.1.0/24(rw,nohide,insecure,no_subtree_check,sync)

Be aware of the following points:
- there is no space between the IP address and the options
- you can list more IP addresses and options; they are space separated as in:
  - /export/users 192.168.1.1(rw,no_subtree_check) 192.168.1.2(rw,no_root_squash)
- using the insecure option allows clients such as Mac OS X to connect on ports above 1024. This option is not otherwise "insecure".
- Setting the crossmnt option on the main psuedo mountpoint has the same effect as setting nohide on the sub-exports: It allows the client to map the sub-exports within the psuedo filesystem. These two options are mutually exclusive.
- Note that when locking down which clients can map an export by setting the IP address, you can either specify an address range (as shown above) using a subnet mask, or you can list a single IP address followed by the options. Using a subnet mask for single client's full IP address is **not** required. Just use something like 192.168.1.123(rw). There are a couple options for specifying the subnet mask. One style is 255.255.255.0. The other style is /24 as shown. Both styles should work. The subnet mask marks which part of IP address must be evaluated.
Restart the service
```
# /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server restart
```
On ubuntu 11.04 or later you may also need to start or restart the idmapd with:
```
# start idmapd   # or...
# service idmapd restart 
```

NFSv4 Client

On the client we can mount the complete export tree with one command:
```
# mount -t nfs4 -o proto=tcp,port=2049 nfs-server:/ /mnt
```

We can also mount an exported subtree with:

# mount -t nfs4 -o proto=tcp,port=2049 nfs-server:/users /home/users

To save us from retyping this after every reboot we add the following
line to /etc/fstab:
```
nfs-server:/   /mnt   nfs4    _netdev,auto  0  0
```
- where the auto option mounts on startup and the _netdev option can be used by scripts to mount the filesystem when the network is available. Under NFSv3 (type nfs) the _netdev option will tell the system to wait to mount until the network is available. With a type of nfs4 this option is ignored, but can be used with mount -O _netdev in scripts later. Currently Ubuntu Server does not come with the scripts needed to auto-mount nfs4 entries in /etc/fstab after the network is up.
Note with remote NFS paths
- They don't work the way they did in NFSv3. NFSv4 has a global root directory and all exported directories are children to it. So what would have been nfs-server:/export/users on NFSv3 is nfs-server:/users on NFSv4, because /export is the root directory.
Note regarding UID/GID permissions on NFSv4 without Kerberos
- They do not work. Can someone please help investigating? Following this guide will result in UID/GID on the export being generic despite having same UID on client and server. Mounting same shar on NFSv3 works correctly with regards to UID/GID. Does this need Kerberos to work fully? According to http://arstechnica.com/civis/viewtopic.php?f=16&t=1128994 and http://opensolaris.org/jive/thread.jspa?threadID=68381 you need to use Kerberos for the mapping to have any effect.
  This is a possibly related bug: http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=500778

Not clear what is meant by UID/GID on the export being generic. This guide does not explicitly state that idmapd must also run on the client side, i.e./etc/default/nfs-common needs the same settings as described in the server section. If idmapd is running the UID/GID are mapped correctly. Check with ps ax|grep rpc that rpc.idmapd is running.

If all directory listings show just "nobody" and "nogroup" instead of real user and group names, then you might want to check the Domain parameter set in /etc/idmapd.conf. NFSv4 client and server should be in the same domain. Other operating systems might derive the NFSv4 domain name from the domain name mentioned in /etc/resolv.conf (e.g. Solaris 10).

If you have a slow network connection and are not establishing mount at reboot, you can change the line in etc/fstab:
```
nfs-server:/    /mnt   nfs4    noauto  0  0
```

and execute this mount after a short pause once all devices are loaded. Add the following lines to /etc/rc.local

```
# sleep 5
# mount /mnt
```
If you experience Problems like this:
```
Warning: rpc.idmapd appears not to be running.
         All uids will be mapped to the nobody uid.
mount: unknown filesystem type 'nfs4'
```
(all directories and files on the client are owned by uid/gid 4294967294:4294967294) then you need to set in /etc/default/nfs-common:
```
NEED_IDMAPD=yes
```
and restart nfs-common. On 10.10 or earlier use:
```
# /etc/init.d/nfs-common restart
```
The "unknown Filesystem" Error will disappear as well. On ubuntu 11.04 or later the nfs-common script has been replaced with upstart scripts, so you will need to start or restart the idmapd with:
```
# start idmapd   # or...
# service idmapd restart 
```
(Make sure you restart the idmapd on both client and server after making changes, otherwise uid/gid problems can persist.)

NFSv4 and Autofs

Automount (or autofs) can be used in combination with NFSv4. Details on the configuration of autofs can be found in the AutofsHowto. The configuration is identical to NFSv2 and NFSv3 except that you have to specify -fstype=nfs4 as option. Automount supports NFSv4's feature to mount all file systems exported by server at once. The exports are then treated as an entity, i.e. they are "all" mounted when you step into "one" directory on the NFS server's file systems. When auto-mounting each file system separately the behavior is slightly different. In that case you would have to step into "each" file system to make it show up on the NFS client.

NFSv4 and NFSv3 simultaneously

NFSv4 and NFSv3 can be used simultaneously on a NFS server as well as on a NFS client. You have to setup NFSv3 on your NFS server (seeSettingUpNFSHowTo). You can then export a file system with NFSv4 and NFSv3 simultaneously. Just put the appropriate export statements into/etc/exports and you are done. You might want to do this when you have NFS clients that don't support NFSv4, e.g. Mac OS X and Windows clients. But don't forget about the security risks of NFS with clients that can not be trusted.

NFSv4 with Kerberos

When using NFS without kerberos the security of all data in the NFS share depends on the integrity of all clients and the security of the network connections. If you use kerberos the security doesn't depend on all client machines because the server gives access to users with a valid kerberos ticket only. The security isn't completely delegated to the client machines (unlike without kerberos). Therefore you need a principal in your kerberos realm for each user who want's to access the NFS share. See Kerberos in the Ubuntu Server Guide on this topic. The section "Kerberos Linux Client" applies also to Ubuntu 8.04.

You need a working Kerberos (MIT or Heimdal) KDC (Key Distribution Center) before continuing. NFS4 and Kerberos work fine with Ubuntu 8.04; they do not seem to work with the (much) older Ubuntu 6.06, or at least I couldn't get Heimdal to work correctly.

Please note, that we have three different entities: the Kerberos-server; the NFS-server and the NFS-client. Your Kerberos-server (or KDC) and NFS-server could be the same machine, but they could also very well be separate entities. We will use separate "prompts" to distinguish, i.e. if you see

```
KDC$ echo "hello"
```

... this means you need to type echo "hello" on the KDC.

Please note that you can now (with Ubuntu 8.04 and later) use any encryption type you want, there is no more need to extract only des-cbc-crc, as most sites suggest. See [http://mailman.mit.edu/pipermail/kerberos/2008-May/013698.html this mailinglist message].

Please also note, that des-cbc-crc encryption is depreciated and, starting with Ubuntu 10.04, is no longer supported by default in the Kerberos libraries. For nfs4 to work, you need to add allow_weak_crypto = true to /etc/krb5.conf

MIT

On the nfs-server and nfs-client you need at least the krb5-user and optional libpam-krb5 if you wish to authenticate against krb5.
```
# apt-get install krb5-user
# apt-get install libpam-krb5 
```

Heimdal

On the nfs-server and nfs-client you need heimdal-clients and optional libpam-krb5 if you wish to authenticate against krb5.
```
# apt-get install heimdal-clients
# apt-get install libpam-krb5 
```
You need the gss kernel modules on nfs-servers and nfs-clients.
```
# modprobe rpcsec_gss_krb5 
```
Add rpcsec_gss_krb5 to /etc/modules to have it loaded automatically. (I'm pretty sure they're loaded automatically though).

Create and distribute credentials

NFSv4 needs machine credentials for the server and every client, which wants to use the NFSv4 security features.

Create the credentials for the nfs-server and all nfs-clients on the Kerberos KDC and distribute the extraced keys with scp to the destination

You can make sure that only this entry has been created by executing "sudo klist -e -k /etc/krb5.keytab".

Create nfs/ principals

Authenticate as your admin user. You can do this from any machine in your kerberos-domain, as long as your kadmind is running; then add principals for your server and client machines. Replace "nfs-server.domain" with the fully qualified domain name of the machines. For example, if your server is called "snoopy" and your domain is "office.example.com", you would add a principal named "nfs/snoopy.office.example.com" for the server. Note: kadmin must be run with -l (locally) on the KDC if there is no kadmind. Please be aware ofhttps://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/heimdal/+bug/309738/

Heimdal

$ kinit kadmin/admin
$ kadmin add -r nfs/nfs-server.domain
$ kadmin add -r nfs/nfs-client.domain

Now add these to the keytab-files on your NFS-server and client. Log in to your NFSserver (as root, because you will need to edit the /etc/krb5.keytab file) and initialize as Kerberos administrator. If your domain is fully kerberized, logging in as root will automatically give you the right access, in which case you don't need to use "kinit" anymore.

NFSserver# kinit kadmin/admin
NFSserver# ktutil get nfs/nfs-server.domain

And add it to the client's keytab file:

NFSclient# kinit kadmin/admin
NFSclient# ktutil get nfs/nfs-client.domain

MIT

$ kinit admin/admin
$ kadmin -q "addprinc -randkey nfs/nfs-server.domain"
$ kadmin -q "addprinc -randkey nfs/nfs-client.domain"

Now add these to the keytab-files on your NFS-server and client. Log in to your NFSserver (as root, because you will need to edit the /etc/krb5.keytab file) and initialize as Kerberos administrator.

NFSserver# kadmin -p admin/admin -q "ktadd nfs/nfs-server.domain"

And add it to the client's keytab file:

NFSclient# kadmin -p admin/admin -q "ktadd nfs/nfs-client.domain"

NFSv4 Server with Kerberos

Check your machine credentials in /etc/krb5.keytab. Use "ktutil" (MIT) or "ktutil list" (Heimdal)

MIT:

# ktutil
ktutil:  rkt /etc/krb5.keytab
ktutil:  list
slot KVNO Principal
---- ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   1    2 nfs/nfs-server.domain@DOMAIN

Heimdal:

# ktutil list
FILE:/etc/krb5.keytab:

Vno  Type                     Principal
  6  des-cbc-md5              nfs/snoopy.office.example.com@OFFICE.EXAMPLE.COM
  6  des-cbc-md4              nfs/snoopy.office.example.com@OFFICE.EXAMPLE.COM
  6  des-cbc-crc              nfs/snoopy.office.example.com@OFFICE.EXAMPLE.COM
  6  aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96  nfs/snoopy.office.example.com@OFFICE.EXAMPLE.COM
  6  des3-cbc-sha1            nfs/snoopy.office.example.com@OFFICE.EXAMPLE.COM
  6  arcfour-hmac-md5         nfs/snoopy.office.example.com@OFFICE.EXAMPLE.COM

etcetera (I removed the krb4 entries as you probably won't use them anyway).

MIT extra information:

# sudo klist -e -k /etc/krb5.keytab
Keytab name: FILE:/etc/krb5.keytab
KVNO Principal
---- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
   1 nfs/nfs-server.domain@DOMAIN (DES cbc mode with CRC-32)

In /etc/default/nfs-kernel-server we set:
```
NEED_SVCGSSD=yes 
```
In /etc/default/nfs-common we set:
```
NEED_IDMAPD=yes 
```

To export our directories from the example above to a local network 192.198.1.0/24 and addt

we add the following two lines to /etc/exports

/export       192.168.1.0/24(rw,fsid=0,insecure, \
  no_subtree_check,async,anonuid=65534,anongid=65534)
/export       gss/krb5(rw,fsid=0,insecure, \
  no_subtree_check,async,anonuid=65534,anongid=65534)
/export/users 192.168.1.0/24(rw,nohide,insecure, \
  no_subtree_check,async,anonuid=65534,anongid=65534)
/export/users gss/krb5(rw,nohide,insecure, \
  no_subtree_check,async,anonuid=65534,anongid=65534)

Please note that you can specify allowed hosts only in the any authentication flavor. gss/krb5 flavours are accessible from anywhere, if you do not use additional firewall rules.

To export only with secure authentication flavors do not include a host(...) line in /etc/exports

The gss/krb5 flavours are:

krb5: users are authenticated
krb5i: this includes krb5. Additionaly data integrity is provided.
krb5p: this includes krb5i. Additionaly privacy is provided.

To display your exports enter:

# exportfs -v

NFSv4 Client with Kerberos

Check your machine credentials in /etc/krb5.keytab

MIT:

# ktutil
ktutil:  rkt /etc/krb5.keytab
ktutil:  list
slot KVNO Principal
---- ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   1    2 nfs/nfs-client.domain@DOMAIN

Heimdal:

# ktutil list
FILE:/etc/krb5.keytab:

Vno  Type                     Principal
  6  des-cbc-md5              nfs/client.office.example.com@OFFICE.EXAMPLE.COM
  6  des-cbc-md4              nfs/client.office.example.com@OFFICE.EXAMPLE.COM
  6  des-cbc-crc              nfs/client.office.example.com@OFFICE.EXAMPLE.COM
  6  aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96  nfs/client.office.example.com@OFFICE.EXAMPLE.COM
  6  des3-cbc-sha1            nfs/client.office.example.com@OFFICE.EXAMPLE.COM
  6  arcfour-hmac-md5         nfs/client.office.example.com@OFFICE.EXAMPLE.COM

In /etc/default/nfs-common we set:
```
NEED_IDMAPD=yes
NEED_GSSD=yes 
```
We can secure mount the complete export tree with:
```
# mount -t nfs4 -o sec=krb5 nfs-server:/ /mnt
```

We can also secure mount an exported subtree with:

# mount -t nfs4 -o sec=krb5 nfs-server:/users /home/users

Troubleshooting

First, take care of proper logging - by default almost nothing is logged.

e.g. to enable 3rd level verbose logging for rpc.gssd, append the following to /etc/default/nfs-common:

RPCGSSDOPTS="-vvv"

After restarting nfs-common (/etc/init.d/nfs-common restart) check that the daemon has received new arguments:

ps xuwa | grep grep rpc.gssd
root      9857  0.0  0.4   2496  1220 ?        Ss   02:17   0:00 /usr/sbin/rpc.gssd -vvv

Then look for its log output in damon.log:

tail -f /var/log/daemon.log

For the server, you can e.g. raise rpc.svcgssd log level in /etc/default/nfs-kernel-server:

RPCSVCGSSDOPTS="-vvv"

Browse the /etc/init.d/nfs-* init scripts to see other variables that you can set in /etc/defaults.

If using Kerberos, enable logging in /etc/krb5.conf:

[logging]
     kdc = SYSLOG:INFO:DAEMON
     admin_server = SYSLOG:INFO:DAEMON
     default = SYSLOG:INFO:DAEMON

It's possible to increase verbosity in /etc/idmapd.conf . It can be useful to study the sources for better understandig error messages:

apt-get source nfs-common nfs-kernel-server libgssapi2-heimdal librpcsecgss3 libnfsidmap2

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April weather

Ubuntu에 NFS4 쓰기

Installation

NFSv4 without Kerberos

NFSv4 Server

NFSv4 Client

NFSv4 and Autofs

NFSv4 and NFSv3 simultaneously

NFSv4 with Kerberos

MIT

Heimdal

Create and distribute credentials

Create nfs/ principals

Heimdal

MIT

NFSv4 Server with Kerberos

NFSv4 Client with Kerberos

Troubleshooting

Links

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Ubuntu에 NFS4 쓰기

Installation

NFSv4 without Kerberos

NFSv4 Server

NFSv4 Client

NFSv4 and Autofs

NFSv4 and NFSv3 simultaneously

NFSv4 with Kerberos

MIT

Heimdal

Create and distribute credentials

Create nfs/ principals

Heimdal

MIT

NFSv4 Server with Kerberos

NFSv4 Client with Kerberos

Troubleshooting

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